Collaboration and Resistance

slogan by Joseph Goebbels to signify unification of Europe
at first, only Nordic peoples recruited, but after 1941 non-Nordic forces allowed
Major Vidkun Quisling served as pro-Nazi president of Norway.
King Leopold continued to rule Belgium from his castle near Brussels.
Leon Degrelle led a Walloon SS division that fled to Spain in 1945.
Ante Pavelic and his Ustasha ruled new fascist state of Croatia and persecuted Serbs, killed 70,000 plus 20,000 Jews in the Jasenovac concentration camp.
Admiral Miklos Horthy ruled Hungary with the fascist Arrow Cross movement of Ferenc Szalasi.
Marshal Ion Antonescu of Rumania contributed oil reserves and 30 divisions to Hitler.
Andrei Vlasov and his Russian Liberation Army of 56,000 were among the 2 million Russians who fought with Hitler on the Eastern front.
only Poland did not contribute volunteers to Hitler.
Albert Speer and Fritz Sauckel recruited 7 million foreign workers by 1945, 20% of total German labor force - were poorly treated; another 7 million worked in own countries; only 1.5 million of 5 million Russian POWs survived.
Hitler took $40 billion in tribute from occupied countries, plus confiscation of Jewish property, any motor vehicles, art treasures.

Hitler's "Night and Fog" decree of Dec. 7, 1941, ordered the ruthless execution of all resistance agents.
Polish "Home Army" formed underground of 300,000 in Poland, led by exile government of Gen. Sikorski in London, vs. Soviet-trained Polish Committee of National Liberation.
pro-Serb Chetniks of Col. Mihajlovic in Yugoslavia vs. pro-communist Partisans of Tito (Croatian Josip Broz).
pro-British National Greek Democratic Union (FDES) of Col. Zervas in Greece vs. pro-communist National Liberation Front (EAM).
DeGaulle and Henri Giraud joined in the French Committee of National Liberation (FCNL) to administer former Vichy colonies in North Africa Jan. 1943.
DeGaulle unified French "Maquis" resistance under his National Resistance Council in May 1943
Varian Fry in France
Churchill created Special Operation Executive (SOE) July 1940 to "set Europe ablaze" and sent thousands of agents into Europe; FDR created Office of Strategic Services (OSS) 1942 under William J. Donovan that sent 524 agents into occupied Europe during the war.

Reinhard Heydrich began deportation of jews to Poland after Sept. 1939
extermination plan of Heydrich approved at Wannsee conference Jan. 20, 1941
death camps bulit in Poland: Auschwitz, Chelno, Belzec, Sobibor, Majdanek, Treblinka
Heinrich Himmler approved the use of Zyklon B gas; 12,000 per day at Auschwitz
Himmler ordered liquidation of the Warsaw ghetto in 1943 and execution of the few that remained of the 400,000 residents
Hidden History of the Kovno Ghetto in Lithuania
by 1945, only 1 million Jews lived in Europe of 9 million in 1939
Hitler exterminated all Slavic peoples: Poles, Yugoslavs, Russians, Belorussians, Ukrainians; 9-10 million Slavs were killed in addition to the 6-7 million Jews
at Ravensbrueck camp, Nazi doctors experimented on Polish girls with gas and germs
at Buchenwald, Ilse Koch collected tattooed skin of inmates
in the Babi Yar ravine near Kiev, 130,000 Slavs and 70,000 Jews died.
Stalin followed a similar policy in occupied countries, executing 14,000 Polish officers in Katyn forest; deporting to Siberia 500,000 "Volga Germans" who lived north of the Black Sea; mass deportations from Baltics and Ukraine and Caucasus and Crimean Tartars