Manchukuo 1932
China weak, divided, unstable, revolutionary = opportunism
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- helped by Comintern agent Mikhail Borodin and Russian communists since 1919
- funded by Charles Soong, educated in U.S., Methodist
- Sun married Soong's daughter Ching-ling (Sun's secretary m. Ai-ling, Chiang Kai-shek married May-ling)
- image of Chiang, May-ling, Joseph Stilwell 1942, from NA
- oldest son T.V. Soong educated at Harvard
Chiang Kai-shek rose to leadership after the death of Sun
- Chiang purged communists from the Koumintang 1926-27 - Mao Tse-tung fled south to the mountains in Kiangsi; Mao was a founder of the Hunan branch of Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and had cooperated with the Koumintang until Chiang's purge; at Juichin in Kiangsi province Mao developed his theory of the revolutionary guerilla peasantry, expressed in his "Report on the Peasant Movement in Hunan" published 1927; Mao and Chu Teh formed a peasant guerilla army and defended rural Kiangsi from repeated attacks by Chiang until Mao was forced to flee in 1934 and began the Long March south to Yenan
- Chiang founded Nanking government 1927
- When Nationalist troops overran the British settlement at Hankow in January, 1927, the United States minister to China, John Van A. MacMurray, sent an urgent request to the State Department for 20,000 troops. This marked the beginning of the Fourth Marines in China 1927-1941 to protect the International Settlement in Shanghai
- Chiang married May-ling Soong end of 1927 - converted to Christianity
"Missimo"Madam Chiang educated at Wellesley
- Chiang accepted U.S. financial aid - built modern education system, roads
- Chiang signed 1928 MFN Treaty with U.S., 500 companies invested $500m.
- Chiang expanded into Manchuria, built RR, settled colonists
- Manchuria formally reunified with China Dec. 29, 1928
Japan opposed resurgent China
- liberal Shidihara ousted 1927 because he failed to punish Chinese attack on Japanese embassy in Nanking; replaced by militant Gen. Tanaka
- July 1, 1931 - China began economic boycott against Japan
- Sep. 18, 1931 - Japan invaded Manchura
- Oct. 8, 1931 - Japan planes bombed Chinchow on China border
- Japan army began move on China's NE provinces
for 1st time, China asked League to intervene, but no military action taken
- League invoked 1928 KB Pact - sends Lord Lytton - Wakatsuki falls
- U.S. only responded with Stimson Doctrine - nonrecognition, nonintervention
Feb. 1932 - Shanghai crisis
- Jan. 28 - Japan attacked Shanghai, destroyed Chapei, drove out Chinese 19th Route Army
- Apr. 6 - Floyd Gibbon for Hearst newsreel reported from ruins of Chapei
- May 5 - agreement created demilitarized international settlement, end of China boycott, withdrawal of Japan troops from Shanghai
March 1, 1932 - Manchukuo established under Manchu puppet Henry Pu Yi
- Sept. 15, 1932 Japan-Manchoukuo Protocol signed at Sinking
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May 1932 - Russia refused to intervene against Japan
- allowed use of Chinese Eastern RR
- until July 1935 when 7th Comintern declared Popular Front
March 1933 - Japan withdrew from League and Geneva Disarm. Conference
May 1933 - Tangku truce
- Great Wall separated Chiang from Kwantung Army
- uneasy truce until 1937 China Incident
- 1942 world map - big
spring 1934 - Amau doctrine
- the "Asian Monroe Doctrine" challenged the Open Door Policy and the Washington Treaty system
Sources:
- Library of Congress Area Handbook 1987 history of Republican China
- Documents pertaining to Gareth Jones' unwritten book about 1935 Far East Politics by the private secretary for Foregn Affairs to Lloyd George murdered in Mongoloa in 1935, includes Amau interview
- China Pictures 1 2 3
- The Last Emperor (1987 film by Bernardo Bertolucci)
- Fourth Marines in China 1927-1941 by Ron Moss
- Hearst Metrotone newsreels 1931 and 1932
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